"Middle schools" and "junior high schools" are schools that span grades 5 or 6 to 8 and 7 to 8, respectively, but junior high schools spanning grades 7 to 9 are also common. In 2001, there were about 3.6 million children in each grade in the United States. Basic subjects are taught and pupils often remain in one or two classrooms throughout the school day, except for physical education, library, music, art, and computer classes. Elementary school includes kindergarten through to sixth grade, or kindergarten through to fifth grade, i.e., up to age 12, but some elementary schools have four or eight grades, i.e., up to ages 10 or 14 (also known as the intermediate grades). Historically, local public control (and private alternatives) have allowed for some variation in the organization of schools. However, some critics see middle schools as having gone "soft," overemphasizing self-esteem building at the expense of academic rigor. In general, middle school acts as a transition between the elementary school structure where most people are all treated the same and the high school structure were most people are treated as individuals. This is mainly in dealing with subjects which are taken in addition to the basic subjects such as mathematics, English, history and general science. Also, students will often have more of a choice in what classes they take. They no longer have the guidance of just one main teacher. The change from a one teacher-all subjects way of teaching helps create more independence for the pupil. They will be taught by a different teacher for each subject. Unlike elementary schools, where students often stay with one or two teachers for most of the school day, middle school is usually the first time in which students change teachers after each class of usually about one hour. The school day is often very different in elementary, middle, and high schools. Middle school is also sometimes called an intermediate school, junior high school or just junior high. Depending on location, middle school contains grades 5-8, 6-8, 7-8, or 7-9. In the United States, a middle school is a school between elementary school (grades 1-5, 1-7, 1-6, 1-4 or 1-8) and high school (grades 9-12 or 10-12).
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