![]() The present paper, in contrast, regards it as a kind of behavior. Notwithstanding substantial differences, most contemporary theories of consciousness (e.g., Dennett, 1991 Damasio, 1999 Edelman and Tononi, 2000 Koch, 2004 Maia and Cleeremans, 2005) regard it as a kind of information processing. What is its function? As indicated by Wittgenstein, it is a set of simulated anticipations. Where human consciousness is from? In a large extent, it is from the exceptionally extensive tool use, which would be impossible without the erectness supported by the exclusively strong gluteal muscles. ![]() The two epigraphs already give partial, but essential, answers to the questions in the title. And the expectancy of a ball player is just that he prepares arms and hands and looks at the ball. It outstretches its arms like a ball player, directs its hands to catch the ball. We make representations of them, but why? We expect and act according the expectancy … Expectancy a preparatory action. We think about actions before we perform them. Why do people think? Why do they calculate the thickness of walls of a boiler and do not let the chance determine it? Can a calculated boiler never explode? Of course, it can. George Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1792, pp. What goes by that name, in other creatures, is only the upper part of the thigh, and by no means similar. The buttock, however, in man, is different from all animals whatsoever. (3) It allows to easily explain the most typical features of consciousness, such as objectivity, seriality and limited resources, the relationship between consciousness and explicit memory, the feeling of conscious agency, etc. (2) It avoids epiphenomenalism and indicates in which conditions human consciousness has evolutionary advantages, and in which it may even be disadvantageous. The theory possesses the following properties: (1) It is anti-reductionist and anti-eliminativist, and yet, human consciousness is considered as a purely natural (biological) phenomenon. Taken together, this gives rise to a mechanism that allows a creature, instead of performing controlling actions overtly, to play forward the corresponding behavioral options in a “second reality” of objectively (by means of tools) grounded symbolic systems. The interaction between communication and play yields symbolic games, most importantly language the interaction between symbols and tools results in human praxis. All three do not exclusively distinguish our close relatives, i.e., primates, but are broadly presented among various species of mammals, birds, and even cephalopods however, their particular combination in humans is unique. These three components interact on the basis of anticipatory behavioral control, which is common for all complex forms of animal life. Human consciousness emerges on the interface between three components of animal behavior: communication, play, and the use of tools. Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyĬonsciousness is not a process in the brain but a kind of behavior that, of course, is controlled by the brain like any other behavior.
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